Tag: Free Book on Semiconductors

The SPICE circuit simulation program provides for modeling diodes in circuit simulations. The diode model is based on characterization of individual devices as described in a product data sheet and manufacturing process characteristics not listed. Some information has been extracted from a 1N4004 data sheet in Figure below. Data sheet 1N4004 excerpt, after [DI4]. The…

Varicap or varactor diodes A variable capacitance diode is known as a varicap diode or as a varactor. If a diode is reverse biased, an insulating depletion region forms between the two semiconductive layers. In many diodes the width of the depletion region may be changed by varying the reverse bias. This varies the capacitance.…

Schottky diodes Schottky diodes are constructed of a metal-to-N junction rather than a P-N semiconductor junction. Also known as hot-carrier diodes, Schottky diodes are characterized by fast switching times (low reverse-recovery time), low forward voltage drop (typically 0.25 to 0.4 volts for a metal-silicon junction), and low junction capacitance. The schematic symbol for a Schottky…

What Is a Zener Diode? A Zener diode is a special type of rectifying diode that can handle breakdown due to reverse breakdown voltage without failing completely. Here we will discuss the concept of using diodes to regulate voltage drop and how the Zener diode operates in reverse-bias mode to regulate voltage in a circuit.…

Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and reverse bias switch a diode between the low and high impedance states, respectively. Thus, it serves as a switch. Logic Diodes can perform digital logic functions: AND, and OR. Diode logic was used in early digital computers. It only finds limited application today. Sometimes it…

A popular use of diodes is for the mitigation of inductive “kickback:” the pulses of high voltage produced when direct current through an inductor is interrupted. Inductive Kickback without Protection Take, for example, this simple circuit in the figure below with no protection against inductive kickback. Inductive kickback: (a) Switch open. (b) Switch closed, current…

A voltage multiplier is a specialized rectifier circuit producing an output which is theoretically an integer times the AC peak input, for example, 2, 3, or 4 times the AC peak input. Thus, it is possible to get 200 VDC from a 100 Vpeak AC source using a doubler, 400 VDC from a quadrupler. Any load…

The circuits in the figure below are known as clampers or DC restorers. The corresponding netlist is also in the figure below. These circuits clamp a peak of a waveform to a specific DC level compared with a capacitively coupled signal which swings about its average DC level (usually 0V). If the diode is removed…

A circuit which removes the peak of a waveform is known as a clipper. A negative clipper is shown in the figure below.  Clapper Circuit Operation Analysis This schematic diagram was produced with Xcircuit schematic capture program. Xcircuit produced the SPICE net list Figure below, except for the second, and next to last pair of…

A peak detector is a series connection of a diode and a capacitor outputting a DC voltage equal to the peak value of the applied AC signal. Peak Detector Operation Analysis The circuit is shown in the figure below with the corresponding SPICE net list. An AC voltage source applied to the peak detector, charges the…

What is Rectification? Now we come to the most popular application of the diode: rectification. Simply defined, rectification is the conversion of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). This involves a device that only allows one-way flow of electric charge. As we have seen, this is exactly what a semiconductor diode does. The simplest…

In addition to forward voltage drop (Vf) and peak inverse voltage (PIV), there are many other ratings of diodes important to circuit design and component selection. Semiconductor manufacturers provide detailed specifications on their products—diodes included—in publications known as datasheets. Datasheets Datasheets for a wide variety of semiconductor components may be found in reference books and…

The Functionality of Diode Polarity Being able to determine the polarity (cathode versus anode) and basic functionality of a diode is a very important skill for the electronics hobbyist or technician to have. Since we know that a diode is essentially nothing more than a one-way valve for electricity, it makes sense we should be…

All About Diodes A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist. Semiconductor diodes are symbolized in schematic diagrams such as the…